Slavery in Colonial Latin America Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Slavery in Colonial Latin America - Essay Example This is most evident in Latin America. The history of Latin America is a complex interplay of economic and political agenda that buffeted these countries in as a result of what can only be termed the struggle for supremacy between European powers from the 15th century. The term Latin America is ascribed to countries in South America, North America, Central America and the Caribbean Islands that lie south of the United States where the spoken language is of Spanish or Portuguese extraction. ("Latin America," 2007) Colonial Latin America is the period that many believe began with the discovery of Christopher Columbus of the Americas, referred to as the New World, landing in the Bahamas in 1492, but in fact the colonial era began when the Council of the Indies was convened in 1524 ad ended with the Comuero revolt in 1781. ("Colonial Period," 1998) This was after the Treaty of Tordesillas of 1493 divided the New World wherein the Spanish controlled everything west of the Line of Demarcation and the Portuguese had power over the east, which later became Brazil. At this point, the indigenous people, including the ruling Incas and Aztecs, had been overpowered by the colonists. Large percentages of the indigenous people in colonized Latin America died during this period, attributed mostly to diseases brought by the Europeans such as measles to which the natives had no defense against. It was to augment the pool of available slave labor that the colonists decided to take advantage of the wars in Western Africa which resulted in a glut of available slaves of African descent in the late 16th. This right of entrepreneurs to import slaves or asientos was controlled by King Charles I of Spain. These slaves were farmed out to the different colonies in large numbers, outnumbering the indigenous and European population combined. However, not all black immigrants are African-born. Spain brought Spanish-born Africans called "Ladinos" to work as mine laborers. Free Africans also immigrated to the New World in search of a better life. (Cruz, 2000) The move to free the slaves began in the French colony of Saint-Domingue in 1793 in the middle of the French Revolutions when Lger Flicit Sonthonax emancipated all slaves and made them full citizens, only to have it revoked in 1802 by Napoleon Bonaparte. Until 1870, when the slave trade was finally outlawed, it is estimated that 10 million Africans were brought to the Americas, almost half to the Caribbean islands and the Guiana's while 38% went to Brazil. Mainland Spanish America got 6% while North America and Europe roughly approximated 4.5% each. It seems undeniable from a popular point of view that the influences of the African immigrants, as slaves or otherwise, and to a lesser degree the European colonists who dominated them have served to enrich an otherwise self-contained population. The incursion of a foreign influence has led to the growth and development of the Latin American culture that would otherwise be unknown in the modern era. The purpose of this paper is to highlight the role of the importation of slaves of African descent on the social, cultural, and economic formation of Latin American countries. II. Role of Slavery on Colonial Latin America A. Social aspects Prior to the importation of

E-Commerces Effect on B2B Relations Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3500 words

E-Commerces Effect on B2B Relations - Essay Example Organizations typically participate in more than one exchange in order to derive network advantages from complementary goods and services. Participating in an existing web-enabled B2B exchange allows organizations to reduce their own online start-up costs and to benefit from lower customer acquisition costs. (Kabir, 2004). "Today, supply chain management is far more important than manufacturing as a core competence; so much so that it's possible, as Nike and Cisco Systems have amply demonstrated, to dominate the market for a product without owning so much as a single factory" (Taylor, 2003). Online business-to-business (or B2B) exchanges are widely used in commercial and industrial sectors be it automotive or retailing. The Wall Street Journal (2003) reported that US businesses spent $482 billion in B2B transactions, up 242% from 2001. It was predicted that by 2006 $5.4 trillion in goods and services would be transacted B2B. Bandyopadhyay et all (2006, 512). B2B exchanges lower the cost to buyers through the automated nature of the procurement process. Further transaction cost falls occur with the use of reverse auctions. Value is added because of the interoperability of the application platform amongst users. Users are able to plan in concert. Ordanini et al (2004) investigated the factors which determined success for B2B electronic market places or exchanges in Italy.They looked at the content, structure and governance of a variety of business models, using a cluster analysis of the three dimensions. They found that in a period of 3 years (2000-2003) B2B e-commerce operators had fallen from 120 to 40, with less than 50% of the survivors operating above break-even. Research shows that similar patterns have occurred in the US and Europe. Ordanini et al found that private, large exchanges were generally more successful, due to their "superior capability to generate turnover compared to vertical niche operators" (Ordanini et al, 2004, p281). Electronic marketplaces were supposed to be a panacea to all the ills of electronic data interchange with its proprietary systems and 1:1 networking. An internet based platform promised disintermediation and new sources of competitive advantage, since the Internet was based on generic public standards and considerably cheaper to make use of. Figure 2: Alternative Business Models: Output of the Cluster Analysis. Source-Ordanini et al (20

Stroke Brain Symptoms

Stroke Brain Symptoms Stroke Information on Stroke What is a stroke? A stroke is a medical condition very much like a heart attack, but it occurs in the brain. The blood vessels in the brain can become clogged or occluded from different sources. An ischemic stroke can be due to a clot or embolism of the vessel; or atherosclerosis, hardening of the arteries by a fatty deposit known as plaque, can be the culprit. A stroke can also be caused by a hemorrhage from a ruptured vessel which can be due to an aneurysm or high blood pressure. When any of these conditions occur, the brain does not receive enough oxygen; and the brain cells die. Since each area of the brain controls a different body function, the effects of a stroke on the body can vary greatly. Depending on which part of the brain is affected, one can experience permanent residual conditions such as paralysis, aphasia (inability to speak), dysphasia (difficulty with speech), seizures, dysphagia (difficulty swallowing), and dysarthria (slow or garbled speech). A stroke can cause slurred speech and can have an impact on the swallowing mechanism which can lead to aspiration pneumonia. A diet of thickened liquids can be a helpful prevention tool. How do I know that Im having a stroke? The warning signs of a stroke include: Sudden numbness or weakness of the face, arm, or leg, especially on one side of the body. Sudden confusion, trouble speaking or understanding. Sudden trouble seeing in one or both eyes. Sudden dizziness, loss of balance or coordination or trouble walking. Sudden severe headache with no known cause. If you or a loved one experiences any of these symptoms, call 911 immediately and seek treatment at the nearest hospital. A clot-busting medication called tissue plasminogen activator (tPA) is available that can break up or dissolve this clot and prevent permanent damage; however, treatment must begin within three hours from the onset of symptoms. Rapid treatment dramatically improves your chance of recovery. While tPA is a safe treatment for a stroke due to a clot, it cannot be given if the stroke is due to hemorrhage. This would increase the bleeding and cause even more damage. You will notice that each of these warning signs for a stroke are of sudden onset. The symptoms of a stroke occur rapidly. Occasionally, these symptoms can occur and last for only a few minutes. It is important to take these symptoms seriously since they are a mechanism for the body to warn us of possible impending doom. These symptoms may be a sign of a TIA or a â€Å"mini-stroke†, which can be a warning sign of an even larger stroke. A TIA does not cause permanent damage like a full-blown stroke does. Once a stroke has occurred, the brain tissue cannot regenerate itself; and the damage cannot be reversed. How is a stroke diagnosed? In order to help determine the cause of a suspected stroke, a physician will most often order an x-ray called a CAT scan. Another test that can give a much more detailed view of the brain is Magnetic Resonance Imaging study or MRI. Patients that have a pacemaker or any type of metallic implant are not candidates for an MRI due to the high-powered magnetic field required for this test. Also, patients that are claustrophobic may not be able to tolerate the confined space of an MRI, Another beneficial procedure offered is a Magnetic Resonance Angiogram of the brain which can detect an area of abnormality minutes after the blood flow to an area has ceased. A conventional MRI may not detect a stroke until up to 6 hours after it has started, and a CAT scan sometimes cannot detect it until it is 12 to 24 hours old. What can I do to prevent a stroke? There are many things that can be done to prevent or lower your risk a stroke. They include a healthy exercise program, a diet high in fruits, vegetables and fiber and low in fat and salt, and avoidance of alcohol and tobacco products. Consistent control of chronic conditions such as atrial fibrillation of the heart which cause the blood to pool and clot in the atria, diabetes, hypertension, and obesity, and to undergo regular physical exams and monitoring of blood cholesterol levels all help to reduce your risk for stroke. Medication therapy is another way to reduce your risk of stroke. Anticoagulant or antiplatelet medications such as Aspirin, Plavix, and Coumadin and Heparin may be prescribed by a physician for stroke prevention or treatment. These medications thin the blood and help to prevent clot formation which can travel to the brain and cause a stroke. Now that I have had a stroke, is there an effective treatment? Unfortunately, the permanent damage that can occur from a stroke cannot be reversed; however, the prevention program detailed above can reduce your risk of having a second stroke. A rigorous therapy and rehabilitative program may be extremely beneficial in learning activities of daily living and regaining some control of your life. Often, patients learn how to bathe and dress themselves independently. Family and caregivers can play a huge role in this process and work with their loved one to build muscle strength. A supportive, patient and encouraging environment can work wonders in helping to avoid the depressive symptoms that often occur after a stroke. A new-found or renewed interest in a hobby such as playing a musical instrument can also be a beneficial therapy for a stroke victim. Retrieved March 11, 2008 from the American Stroke Association.org website: http://www.StrokeAssociation.org Retrieved March 11, 2008 from the Safe-Stroke Awareness for Everyone website: http://www.StrokeSafe.org Retrieved March 11, 2008 from the National Stroke Association website: http://www.Stroke.org Retrieved March 11, 2008 from the MedicineNet.com website: http://www.MedicineNet.com

Howard Stern Essay -- essays research papers fc

How might one explain Howard Stern? Yes, he is a refreshing change from the typical, politically correct figure, and he provides humor and sex for late night audiences who are growing weary of Leno and Letterman. And while Howard Stern, shock jock turned television host, is more on the same wavelength as a Jerry Springer than a late night comic, Stern has always claimed--like Jerry--that his show is just an act. The idea that Howard Stern could come close--but not too close--to naked women on his television show, might have created the impression that this was just an act after all. He would say things that any other husband could not get away with, and it was okay, because it was all an act. His integrity and sense of honesty was intact, because he could look and not touch, even if he was standing just an inch away. Of course, that idea would not sit well with all, but in the world of Howard Stern, everything was copacetic. That is, until his wife left him. It might have been, as with many couples, that the pair divorced for a variety of reasons and that it had nothing to do with his untoward behavior. Still, the fact that he was married for many years, despite his lewd comments, gave him credibility. He was married and because he maintained that he was a faithful, it gave him a dual persona. People would think "Howard is all right. He speaks his mind. So what." But with a single Stern, the picture changes. He is no better than any other dirty old man now. At least that is the perception. While many speculate about the breakup--as who would stay married to a man who ogles other women every day on the air--Stern maintains that the separation had nothing to do with his on screen behavior. He said: " I take most of the blame because I'm a workaholic, and when I'm not working I'm hiding in my basement trying to recover, and I've pretty much hidden from life. I don't think it's easy to be married to me " ("Not-so-private" 68). Stern's contention that his marriage crumbled because of his habits rings true. In the film Private Parts based on his life, Stern revealed that he was of good character, remained faithful to his wife and that he was hard to live with off the air. Howard Stern is a recluse at home and marria... ...t marriage is something that is good for society. Still, if the couple do split for good, what he does as a bachelor will have an effect on his fans and his critics. But just as he makes fun of homeless people for example, it appears that he has set up a foundation for them on the sly ("Jock" 15). That is the mystery of Stern. He is both kind and callous. And while he can be both things at the same time, he is consistent in each trait, as he has hardly wavered from his positions over the years. Works Cited Donovan, Doug. "Motor Mouths. (Brief Article)." Forbes 20 Mar 2000 : 226 " Jock shock: is Howard Stern secretly helping the very same people he mocks? (radio talk show host's H and A Stern Family Foundation, Inc. rumored to help homeless people)." New York 14 Jun 1999:15. "Not-So-Private Parting: That sensitive radio guy, Howard Stern, feels the pain as his marriage unravels. (Up Front)(Brief Article)." People Weekly 8 Nov 1999: 68

Mus 100 Study Guide

MUS 100 FINAL STUDY GUIDE CHAPTER 17: – Fortepiano: early piano, named for its range of dynamic levels; it was smaller and less sonorous than the modern instrument. – Classical style: restrained, objective style of art. Classical refers to Western music characteristic of the period from 1750-1825. Composers: – Mozart: Invested much of his music with a degree of emotion expression unusual for his time. Never allowed emotion to dominate his art. – Haydn: Wrote pleasant, good-natured music throughout his long life. Wrote masses, oratorios, and other religious compositions for church and for concert performance. Beethoven: Wrote masses, oratorios, and other religious compositions for church and for concert performance. CHAPTER 18: – Form: organization and design of a composition, or of one movement within a composition. – Symphony: multimovement orchestral form. – Sonata-Allegro: â€Å"first movement form†. The 3 sections: expositio n, development, and recapitulation-form a binary design. – Exposition: first section of a fugue or of a sonata-allegro. – Development: 2nd section of the sonata-allegro; it moves through many keys. – Recapitulation: 3rd section of the sonata-allegro.Reviews the material of the exposition, presenting it in a new light. – Coda: Meaning, â€Å"tail†; a closing section. – Minuet and Trio: ABA. Often the 3rd movement of a symphony, sonata, or string quartet. Consists of two minuets, the second (trio) lighter and more lyrical than the first. – Cadenza: extended passage for solo instrument; typical feature of a solo concerto. – Rondo: ABACA. Form in which various episodes alternate with the opening material. The tempo is usually fast, and the mood merry. – String Quartet: chamber ensemble consisting of two violins, a viola, and a cello. Sonata (classical period): a multimovement composition for one or two solo instruments. CHAP TER 19: – Overture: introductory orchestral piece. – Comic Opera (ope’ra comique, singspiel, opera buffa): Operas light in mood, modest in performing requirements, written in the vernacular language of the intended audience. – Requiem: mass for the dead. – Ensemble Finale: final scene of a musical show in which several soloists simultaneously express, in different words and music, their individual points of view. CHAPTER 20: – Motive: short melodic phrase that may be effectively developed. Art song: concert setting of a poem, usually by a well-known poet, to music. – Lieder: German art songs. – Song cycle: sets of songs by one composer, often using texts all by the same poet. Composers: – Schubert: earliest master of romantic art son. Composed 143 songs at 18. â€Å"Godfather† of the romantic period genre. CHAPTER 21-22: – Cyclic form: multimovement form unified by recurrence of the same or similar melodic material in two or more movements. – Absolute music: instrumental music having no tended association with a story, poem, idea or scene; non-program music. Concert overture: one movement orchestral composition, often inspired by literature and dramatic in expression, yet generally subject to analysis according to classical principles of form. – Program symphony: symphony (composition for orchestra in several movements) related to a story, idea, or scene, in which each movement usually has a descriptive title. – Idee fixe: single melody used in several movements of a long work to represent a recurring idea. – Thematic transformation: variation of thematic or melodic material for programmatic purposes.Sometimes called metamorphosis. – Dies irae: Gregorian chant for the dead. – Symphonic poem (tone poem): programmatic composition for orchestra in one movement, which may have a traditional form (such as sonata/rondo) or an original irregular form . Composers: – Brahms: misplaced classicist. Poured the warmest Romantic emotional content into his classical forms. He based his music on models from the past. – Berlioz: his works were based on unrequited love. Used the idee fixe, which was a melodic reference to his beloved. CHAPTER 23: Character piece: relatively short piano piece in a characteristic style or mood. – Nocturnes: Piece expressing the â€Å"character† of night. – Prelude: short independent or introductory piece for keyboard. – Etude: a virtuosic instrumental study or â€Å"exercise† intended for concert performance. – Rubato: romantic technique of â€Å"robbing† from the tempo at some points and â€Å"paying back† at others. Composers: – Chopin: only great composer who wrote almost exclusively for piano. Most pieces are miniatures. Virtuoso pianist, most famous for lyrical and melancholic melodies.CHAPTER 25: -Post-romanticism: general ter m for several romantic styles that succeeded the dominance of German Romanticism and preceded the return of classicism to the arts. – Atonality: avoidance of a tonic note and of tonal relationships in music. – Impressionism: style of painting and music that avoids explicit statement, instead emphasizing suggestion and atmosphere. – Primitivism: style inspired by primitive works of art and by the relaxed life of unsophisticated cultures. – Pizzicato: technique of plucking string instruments.Composers: – Mahler: post-romantics. Wrestled with conflicting romantic and classical ideals. – Strauss: leader of post-romantic composers. Strictly classical style but developed romantic techniques. – Debussy: first musician labeled an impressionist. Developed unusual harmonies and exotic timbres. – Schoenberg: inventor of the 12-tone method (serialism) > Using the 12 pitches equally. > 12 tone row: playing the 12 pitches in whatever order; no repeated tones until the row has been fully played. > Wrote in a free atonal style gt; Drifted away from traditional harmony and experimented other styles – Stravinsky: went through an early ballet period before the war. He went through a neo-classical period. > Primitivism: movement in the second decade of the 20th century. Reveals romanticism characteristics. Characterized by strong savage rhythms, dissonant combinations of sound and narrow melodies. > â€Å"Rite of Spring†: controversial piece, ballet, and scandal piece CHAPTER 27: – Experimentalism: exploration of previously unknown aspects of musical sound. Polytonality: two or more keys at the same time. – Tone cluster: chord built on seconds. – Prepared piano: piano whose timbre and pitches have been altered by the application of foreign materials on or between the strings. – Twelve-tone technique: arrangement of the twelve chromatic pitches into a tow that provides the melodic and harmonic basis for a music composition. Row: series of tones on which a serial composition is based. Composers: – Schoenberg: inventor of the 12-tone method (serialism) – Weberm: developed his own styles: lean, clean, delicate, and strong. Ives: invented polytonality (incorporating of two different keys). – Cowell: invented the plucking of a piano sound. – Cage: 1912-1992 not trained as a musician. Brought up in Los Angeles. Became a composer. > Alatoric: predetermined sounds and just guessed when it should be played. > Conceptual art: piece called 4 minutes a 33 seconds – just the sounds in CHAPTER 28: – Neoclassicism: 12th century version of classicism in music. – Neoromanticism: 12th century version of a romantic approach to music. –Minimalism: style of music based on many repetitions of simple melodic lines that gradually change and slowly evolve patterns and rhythmic patterns. Composers: – Copland: American nationa list composer > â€Å"Dean of American Music† – Gershwin: Best known of all American opera, filled with the characteristic sounds of jazz, including syncopated rhythms, expressive vocal catches and slides. – Prokofiev: focused on neoclassical music. – Barber: focused on neoromanticism. > Adagio for string orchestra (tonal piece) – Reich: focused on minimalism. – Glass: focused on minimalism.

Disaster Hit Japan Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Station Engineering Essay

IntroductionCatastrophe hit Japan Fukushima Daiichi atomic power station on March 11, 2011, Due to the broad release of radiation from the Chernobyl accident in 1986 and is far worse than the 1979 Three Mile Island accident in the United States. Unlike at Chernobyl and Three Mile Island, Fukushima devastation was initiated by natural catastrophes monolithic temblor and tsunami rather than equipment failure and human mistake. The tsunami knocked out the backup power systems needed to chill the reactors at the works, doing some of them to undergo runing fuel, H detonations and radioactive releases. Fukushima catastrophe surveies have identified alterations in the design, response actions, and other safety betterments that can be reduced or removed the sum of radiation released from the mill. As a consequence, Fukushima has prompted a re-examination of atomic safety demands around the universe, including the United States. Radioactive taint from the Fukushima works required the emptying of communities up to 25 stat mis off, which affects up to 100,000 people, many of them everlastingly banded from their places. Believed to hold prevented the transportation of radiation exposure among occupants of Nipponese regulative bounds in most instances. Near-term mortality and morbidity ensuing from radiation may non be believed ; even malignant neoplastic disease and other long-run wellness effects remain possible. Workers at the works exposed to radiation degrees far higher, with at least two suffered radiation Burnss on their pess after wading in contaminated H2O. Two other workers drown in the tsunami. Catastrophe recovery has absorbed on reconstructing the chilling systems at three of the most earnestly damaged reactors at the works six units and halt the radioactive emanations into air and H2O. The work has been affected by high radiation degrees in the works and the go oning terrible structural harm. Nipponese authorities declared December 16, 2011, that damaged the Fukushima reactors has reached â€Å" cold closure, † a milepost in the reactor chilling H2O is below the boiling temperature at atmospheric force per unit area. In the winter closing, the menace of progress releases of radioactive diminution may let some occupants to get down returning to the least contaminated emptying zone. Japan ‘s environment curate announced December 19, 2011 that about $ 15 billion was Provided for the taint of the works Fukushima Daiichi, an duty that has of all time occurred before. Complete decommissioning and leveling the works is expected to take 40 old ages, and the entire cost of catastrophes late expected by the commission of the Nipponese authorities exceeded $ 75 billion. Institute of Nuclear Power Operations ( INPO ) , a security organisation established by the U.S. atomic power industry after the Three Mile Island accident, publish a elaborate description of the Fukushima accident in November 2011. INPO study affords a timeline of actions taken in response to each unit Fukushima Daiichi works and the agreement of events taking to the chief reactor nucleus harm and radioactive release. It aims â€Å" to supply accurate, amalgamate beginning of information † about the event. However, the study notes, â€Å" Because of the extended harm at the site, some of the event inside informations are non known or have non been confirmed. The intent of this CRS study is to highlight facets of the Fukushima catastrophe that may bear on the safety of U.S. atomic workss and atomic energy policy in general. It gives a brief account of the Fukushima incident, including new inside informations provided by INPO studies, public discourse by the catastrophe, and a description of U.S. assistance given to Japan.DrumheadThe immense temblor and tsunami that struck Japan ‘s Fukushima Daiichi atomic power station on March 11, 2011, knocked out backup power systems that were needed to chill the reactors at the works, doing three of them to undergo fuel thaw, H detonations, and radioactive releases. Radioactive taint from the Fukushima works forced the emptying of communities up to 25 stat mis off and affected up to 100,000 occupants, although it did non do any immediate deceases. Tokyo Electric Power Company ( TEPCO ) operates the Fukushima atomic power composite in the Futaba territory of Fukushima prefecture in Northern Japan, dwelling of six atomic units at the Fukushima Daiichi station and four atomic units at the Fukushima Daini station. All the units at the Fukushima composite are boiling H2O reactors, with reactors 1 to 5 at the Fukushima Daiichi site being the General Electric Mark I design, which is besides used in the United States. The Fukushima Daiichi reactors entered commercial operation in the old ages from 1971 ( reactor 1 ) to 1979 ( reactor 6 ) . The Fukushima Daini reactors shut down automatically after the temblor and were able to keep sufficient chilling. When the temblor struck, Fukushima Daiichi units 1, 2, and 3 were bring forthing electricity and close down automatically. The temblor caused offsite power supplies to be lost, and backup Diesel generators started up every bit designed to provide backup power. However, the subsequent tsunami flooded the electrical switchgear for the Diesel generators, doing most AC power in units 1 to 4 to be lost. Because Unit 4 was undergoing a care closure, all of its atomic fuel had been removed and placed in the unit ‘s exhausted fuel storage pool. One generator continued runing to chill units 5 and 6. The loss of all AC power in units 1 to 3 prevented valves and pumps from operating that were needed to take heat and force per unit area that was being generated by the radioactive decay of the atomic fuel in the reactor cores. As the fuel rods in the reactor nucleuss overheated, they reacted with steam to bring forth big sums of H, which escaped into the unit 1, 3, and 4 reactor edifices and exploded ( the H that exploded in Unit 4 is believed to hold come from Unit 3 ) . The detonations interfered with attempts by works workers to reconstruct chilling and helped distribute radiation. Cooling was besides lost in the reactors ‘ spent fuel pools, although recent analysis has found that no important overheating took topographic point. Radioactive stuff released into the ambiance produced highly high radiation dosage rates near the works and left big countries of land uninhabitable, particularly to the Northwest of the works.Picture1. Japan Earthquake Epicentre and Nuclear Plant LocationsThe temblor on March 11, 2011, off the east seashore of Honshu, Japan ‘s largest island, reportedly caused an automatic closure of 11 of Japan ‘s 55 operating atomic power plants.5 Most of the closures proceeded without incident. However, the workss closest to the epicenter, Fukushima and Onagawa ( Refer picture 1 ) , were damaged by the temblor and ensuing tsunami. The Fukushima Daiichi works later suffered hydrogen detonations and terrible atomic fuel harm, let go ofing important sums of radioactive stuff into the environment.Picture 2.General Electric Mark I Boiling Water Reactor and Containment BuildingTokyo Electric Power Company ( TEPCO ) operates the Fukushima atomic power composite in the Futaba territory of Fuk ushima prefecture in Northern Japan, dwelling of six atomic units at the Fukushima Daiichi station and four atomic units at the Fukushima Daini station. All the units at the Fukushima composite are boiling H2O reactors ( BWRs ) , with reactors 1 to 5 at the Fukushima Daiichi site being the General Electric Mark I design ( Refer Picture 2 ) . The Fukushima Daiichi reactors entered commercial operation in the old ages from 1971 ( reactor 1 ) to 1979 ( Reactor 6 ) .Identifies whether the Fukushima atomic catastrophe is natural or man-made. Clearly explain your justification.Fukushima Daiichi atomic power works is located in the towns of Okuma and Futaba Japan. Commissioned in 1971, this works consists of six boiling H2O reactors which drove the electrical generators with a combined power of 4.7 GW, doing Fukushima Daiichi one of the 15 largest atomic power Stationss in the universe. Fukushima was the first atomic works to be designed, constructed and run in concurrence with General Electric, Boise, and Tokyo Electric Power Company ( TEPCO ) .The works suffered major harm from the 9.0 temblors and subsequent tsunami that hit Japan on March 11, 2011 and, as of today, is non expected to reopen. The temblor and tsunami disabled the reactor chilling systems, taking to atomic radiation leaks and triping a 30 kilometer emptying zone environing the works. On April 20, 2011, the Nipponese governments declared the 20 kilometer emptying zon e a no-go country which may merely be entered under authorities supervising. Although triggered by these cataclysmal events, the subsequent accident at the Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Plant can non be regarded as a natural catastrophe. Damage by the temblor and the consequent tsunami could non be ruled out as direct causes of the catastrophe, nevertheless. This determination may hold serious deductions for Japan ‘s integral atomic reactors, which were shut down following the Fukushima accident. An independent probe committee accused TEPCO and regulators at the atomic and industrial safety bureau of neglecting to take equal safety steps, despite grounds that the country was susceptible to powerful temblors and tsunamis, Fukushima atomic power works accident was the consequence of collusion between the authorities, the regulators and TEPCO, and the deficiency of administration. It besides said that, â€Å" They efficaciously betrayed the state ‘s right to be safe from atomic accidents. It is believed that the root causes were the organizational and regulative systems that supported faulty principles for determinations and actions, instead than issues associating to the competence of any specific person. Therefore, the independent probe committee concluded that the accident was clearly ‘man-made ‘ that could and should hold been foreseen and prevented.Carefully observed the industrial procedure and operation of the Fukushima atomic works.Any typical atomic reactor set aside Fukushima power works is merely portion of the life-cycle for atomic power. The procedure starts with uranium mines situated belowground, open-pit, or unmoved leach mines. Atoms of U are the largest and besides the heaviest known to happen on Earth. Bing heavy they are besides really unstable. The karyon of a uranium atom can easy interrupt up into two smaller pieces. This procedure is called fission. The two fragments so produced fly apart with enormous velocity. As they collide with other atoms in a ball of U they come to a halt. In the pr ocedure they heat up the uranium ball. This is how energy is released from the atom and converted to heat. The energy produced in fission is described as atomic energy by some and atomic energy by others. In any instance, the U ore is extracted, normally converted into a stable and compact signifier such as U308, and so transported to a processing installation. Here, the U308 is converted to uranium hexafluoride, which is so enriched utilizing assorted techniques. At this point, the enriched U, incorporating more than the natural 0.7 % U-235, is used to do rods of the proper composing and geometry for the peculiar reactor that the fuel is destined for. The fuel rods will pass about 3 operational rhythms ( typically 6 old ages entire now ) inside the reactor, by and large until approximately 3 % of their U has been fissioned, so they will be moved to a spent fuel pool where the short lived isotopes generated by fission can disintegrate off. After about 5 old ages in a spent fuel pool the spent fuel is radioactively and thermally cool plenty to manage and it can be moved to dry storage casks or reprocessed. Control of operation of the atomic power station involves two things. Regulation of power coevals to keep it at a safe and steady degree and secondly entire closure of the reactor really rapidly if needed. The power is kept changeless by the usage of what are known as adjustor rods. These are unstained steel rods. When these rods are introduced into the reactor vas, the concatenation reaction slows down and heat coevals beads. If the control rods are somewhat pulled out of the reactor vas, the concatenation reaction picks up and power degree rises. In another word if the reactor gets excessively hot, the control rods are lowered in and it cools down. If that does n't work, there are sets of exigency control rods that automatically drop in and close the reactor down wholly. To shutdown the reactor wholly, the heavy H2O is drained out of the reactor vas in a fraction of a 2nd. In the absence of heavy H2O in the vas, the concatenation reaction ceases wholly. Below shows the simple proce dure for easy apprehension of Fukushima atomic Power Plant and many others. Advantages of atomic power works Nuclear power costs about the same as coal Does non bring forth fume or C dioxide, so it does non lend to the nursery consequence Produces little sums of waste. Produces immense sums of energy from little sums of fuel. Nuclear power is dependable. Disadvantages of atomic power works Nuclear power is dependable, but a batch of money has to be spent on safety – if it does travel incorrect, a atomic accident can be a major catastrophe. Although non much waste is produced, it is really unsafe. It must be sealed up and buried for many 1000s of old ages to let the radiation to decease off. For all that clip it must be kept safe from temblors, implosion therapy, terrorists and everything else.Measure the impact of the Fukushima atomic catastrophe to the society, ecology, sociology and wellness.The prostration of the Fukushima Dai-ichi Nuclear Power Plant caused a monolithic release of radioactive stuffs to the environment. A prompt and dependable system for measuring the biological impacts of this accident on animate beings has non been available. The monolithic release of radioactive caused physiological and familial harm to the pale grass blue Zizeeria Maha, a common lycaenid butterfly in Japan. Samples were collected in the Fukushima country in May 2011, some of which showed comparatively mild abnormalcies. The 1st coevals offspring from the first-voltine females showed more terrible abnormalcies, which were inherited by the newer coevals. Adult butterflies collected in September 2011 showed more terrible abnormalcies than those collected in May. Similar abnormalcies were by experimentation reproduced in persons from a non-contaminated country by external and internal low-dose exposures. It is apparent that unreal radionuclides from the Fukushima Nuclear Power Plant caused physiological and familial harm to this species. The ternary catastrophe has highlighted and compounded such preexistent underlying issues as falling birth rates, the fragmenting of the household unit, and the shrinkage of local communities. During the five old ages before the catastrophe, birth rates had been steadily falling in Japan. The now day-to-day concerns about radiation degrees, safe nutrient and H2O have left many immature twosomes unwilling to take on the perceived hazardous undertaking of raising kids in a unsafe environment. The prevailing tendency during the pre-quake old ages, brought about chiefly by deficiency of economic development in local communities, had been for immature people to go forth their small towns to seek higher-paid occupations in the larger towns and metropoliss, merely returning place for vacations and other jubilations. The immediate effect of this has been the diminution of small town communities. The longer-term effect will be the eroding of regional individuality, at a clip when, more than of all time, communities affected by the temblor need their younger coevals. Predicted future malignant neoplastic disease deceases due to accrued radiation exposures in the population life near Fukushima have ranged from none to 100 to a non-peer-reviewed â€Å" guestimate † of 1,000. On 16 December 2011, Nipponese governments declared the works to be stable, although it would take decennaries to decontaminate the environing countries and to decommission the works wholly.Outline the actions taken by Tokyo Electric Power Company ( TEPCO ) , authorities and the regulative organic structure during the happening of the Fukushima atomic catastrophe.Roadmap towards the decommissioning of Units 1-4 of TEPCO Fukushima Daiichi N uclear Power Station Cold Shutdown Condition is maintained at Unit 1-3. Measures to complement position monitoring are being implemented. Probe of the interior of Unit 1 PCV and installing of PCV thermometer and H2O gage Installation of Unit 2 RPV alternate thermometer Countermeasures against accrued H2O increased by groundwater invasion Groundwater invasion bar ( Groundwater beltway ) Removal of radioactive stuffs ( Multi-nuclide remotion equipment installing ) Storage of contaminated water/treated H2O ( Additional armored combat vehicles ) Continue execution of steps to minimise the impact of radiation on the country outside the power station Effective radiation dose decrease at the site boundaries Decrease of densenesss of radioactive stuffs included in the saltwater in the port Preparation for fuel remotion from the spent fuel pool is in advancement Debris remotion from the upper portion of Units 3-4 Reactor Building and cover installing for fuel remotion at Unit 4 Soundness probe of the fresh ( unirradiated ) fuel in Unit 4 spent fuel pool Procuring a sufficient figure of workers and work safety Guaranting the APD use and coaction with concerted companies Heat stroke bar Research and development for fuel dust remotion and radioactive waste processing and disposal Decontamination of the interior of edifices and development of the comprehensive radiation dose decrease program Probe and fix of the escape on the underside of the PCV Understanding and analysing the status of the interior of the reactor Word picture of fuel dust and readying for fuel dust processing Radioactive waste processing and disposal Strengthening of Research and Development direction Future program for research Centres Research and Development Management Headquarters Procuring and furthering human resources from a long- and-midterm position Apart from all those mentioned above, Japan have besides taken a good deal more measure as per below during the happening of the atomic power works catastrophe Probes of the Nipponese Lower House New legal limitations for exposure to radiation proposed Request for decommissioning the Tokai Daini Power works Fukushima wants all 10 atomic reactors scrapped TEPCO petition for authorities compensation At least 1 trillion hankerings needed for decontamination Majority of Nipponese atomic reactors taken off line Excess staff members for Kiev embassy Energy argument changed in Japan 40 twelvemonth bound for life span of atomic reactors Food-aid used to take down frights for contaminated nutrient abroad Okuma asked to be declared as no-go-zone Delay of linear closure in Fukushima No return-zone Evacuation zone partial lifted Monitoring the impact of radiation-exposure at the wellness of occupants Testing School tiffins Stress-tests Debris disposal Interim Storage installation Condemnable charges against NISA, NSA and TEPCO Compensation standards for former occupants of the emptying zonesPropose effectual preventative action to be strengthen by Tokyo Electric Power Company ( TEPCO ) in re-examine the atomic works safety.Before the Fukushima Dai-ichi atomic catastrophe, TEPCO did non put in topographic point tsunami protection steps as portion of its accident direction plan. The TEPCO ‘s steps against a state of affairs, in which reactor nucleuss are earnestly damaged by a natural catastrophe other than a tsunami, were besides rather lacking. This came to visible radiation from the testimony of several TEPCO functionaries during hearings conducted by this Investigation Committee. At the Fukushima Dai-ichi, three of its atomic reactors got severe coincident harm. After deluging cut off all power supply, there was no defence at all to cover with this, doing it highly hard to get by with the state of affairs. One can merely reason that TEPCO ‘s deficiency of anterior accident direction steps to cover with a tsunami was an highly serious job. However below are the guidelines TEPCO should see in re-examining the works safety The demand for independency and transparence Organizational readiness for Swift and effectual exigency response Recognition of its function as a supplier of disaster-related information to Japan and the universe Retention of ace human resources such as greater specialised expertness Attempts to roll up information and get scientific cognition Palingenesis Lack of terrible accident readiness for tsunamis Lack of consciousness of the branchings of a multidimensional catastrophe Lack of an across-the-board positionDecisionTepco Fukushima Nuclear Power Plant accident was the consequence of collusion between the authorities, regulators and the [ private works operators ] Tepco, and the deficiency of administration by the said party. They efficaciously betrayed its right to be safe from a atomic accident. Therefore, we concluded that the accident was clearly â€Å" semisynthetic † . We believe that the cause of the organisation and ordinance instead than issues related to the competency of any peculiar person. All the right failed to develop the most basic safety demands – such as measuring the chance of harm, ready to incorporate the indirect harm from any catastrophe, and develop emptying programs for the populace in instance of a serious release of radiation.

Free Essays on Boeing Case Study

, did not adapt itself to 21st century. Public was thinking of Boeing as a traditional company which does not promote its public image as other similar corporation does. Business Week’s survey suggested that Boeing received no rank among top best 100 companies by public in year 2000. In order to catch up with global growth, Boeing started its branding campaign a bit too expansive and no body predicted such a disaster on septer11, 2001, which caused lots of problems for this company. Goals Boeing moved for right track. They decided to compete with other global brands in terms of public image and goodwill. As Phil Condit, Boeing CEO and chairman, announced at Farnborough air show in 2000, this company goals are focusing on: running healthy core businesses, leverage the company’s strength into both new... Free Essays on Boeing Case Study Free Essays on Boeing Case Study Summary William Boeing founded the Boeing airplane company in early 20th century. After strings of acquisition and mergers, this company grew and became the current largest world aerospace industry. Followed by previous reorganizations in 19990s, this company decided to start its branding campaign in May 2001. This campaign was consisting of lots of effort and structural changes for the first time in this corporate history. The media was showing the initial success of this campaign just after its beginning. Few days after the grand opening of the new headquarter in Chicago, which was part of campaign, the world shocked by the act of terrorism. On September 11, 2001 terrorist used this company’s product as weapon of mass destruction to massacre innocent people. Four Boeing airplanes used by terrorist caused a great concern for this company about its swinging campaign. Some serious decision needed to be taken about branding process. Problems Although Boeing’s top management considered this company as a top global brand, critics believed this company did not make adequate changes in regard to its growth, in other words, did not adapt itself to 21st century. Public was thinking of Boeing as a traditional company which does not promote its public image as other similar corporation does. Business Week’s survey suggested that Boeing received no rank among top best 100 companies by public in year 2000. In order to catch up with global growth, Boeing started its branding campaign a bit too expansive and no body predicted such a disaster on septer11, 2001, which caused lots of problems for this company. Goals Boeing moved for right track. They decided to compete with other global brands in terms of public image and goodwill. As Phil Condit, Boeing CEO and chairman, announced at Farnborough air show in 2000, this company goals are focusing on: running healthy core businesses, leverage the company’s strength into both new...

The evils in the chrysalids

The evils in the chrysalids The Chrysalids Imagine living in a place where there seemed to be a sense of evil in the eyes of everyone, except David Strorm. This place was called Waknuk. Waknuk was a place where anything out of the 'norm' was wrong and sinful and could even end in a consequence as serious as death. Life was good for those who believed and practiced the Waknuk religion. For those whom were not believers in the Waknuk religion found life to be hard and unfair. Throughout David's life in Waknuk he was faced with many tools of evil such as prejudice, pride and deception. David painfully learned that that prejudice causes individuals to be isolated from each other, pride causes individuals to mistreat each other and finally that deception causes much hurt and distress among individuals. The first tool of evil that I found present in The Chrysalids was prejudice.David was faced for the first time in his life a tool of evil prejudice.David Stanley at Reykjavik

Article Review Essay Example for Free

Article Review Essay The article, School Counseling Outcome: A Meta-Analytic Explanation of Interventions, written by Whiston, S., Tai, W., Rahardja, D., and Eder, K. is research done to show if certain interventions and techniques used by school counselors are effective. The article discussed two types of studies, one with controlled comparisons and another involving pre and posttest differences. The article began with the history of counseling and the model counselors are using. Campbell and Dahir’s (as cited in Whiston, Tai, Rahardja, & Eder, 2011), â€Å"specified that school counselors should coordinate a program that facilitates academic, career, and personal social development†. Many schools and counselors have been following Gysber’s and Henderson’s model which has four program components supported by the American School Counselor Association (ASCA). They include guidance curriculum, individual planning, responsive services, and system support. There has been limited research done on these components to conclude if the interventions are effective. â€Å"A major problem with the reviews of school counseling is that they are not able to indicate the degree to which school counseling interventions influence student outcome† (Whiston, Tai, Rahardja, & Eder (2011). In the article there were some major strengths and gains. There was evidence that specific interventions work with certain groups. The research also supports the need for school counselor to be more involved with all students, since there is a positive effect when students have been working with a guidance counselor. Yet, we still need more  research in the elementary level to see how we can support the younger students more effectively. There were also some major limitations noted about the study. This included not having enough supported information on how the interventions or treatments were conducted, missing valuable information, not having reliable standardized assessments, not following up to see how the interventions helped, and the study was done with only specific interventions. They also concluded that there were specific gains in certain areas, but could not identify how they got those results. The conclusions of the studies indicate that students who receive services from a counselor scored higher on standardized test. Counseling also helped with discipline, problem solving, and career knowledge compared to students not receiving any interventions. This shows the importance of having a school counselor and the role they play in making a difference in the lives they touch. Both studies indicated the â€Å"effectiveness of a balance approach to school counseling that provides a guidance curriculum to all students and responsive services that respond to students’ issues† (Whiston, Tai, Rahardja, & Eder, 2011). In this study we can see how important a school counselor is to students facing difficult issues. It is noted how some interventions can help a student be successful with academics, social interactions, and behavior. After reading this article I can see how effective counseling can be for all students. As an elementary teacher I will try to use a strategic comprehensive guidance program and data to guide my instruction. Using information from teachers, parents and administration I can plan my lessons to better meet the needs of students. Following up with students and keeping data on interventions will be a priority. References: Whiston, S. C., Tai, W., Rahardja, D., & Eder, K. (2011). School counseling outcome: A meta†analytic examination of interventions. Journal Of Counseling & Development, 89(1), 37-55. doi:10.1002/j.1556-6678.2011.tb00059.x Article Review. (2016, Apr 23). We have essays on the following topics that may be of interest to you

Solar Energy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Solar Energy - Essay Example Solar energy is energy that is obtained from the sun. The sun is known as a big ball of heat and light that results from the nuclear fusion at is core. This process releases energy that travels in an outward direction to the surface of the sun. A long distance is covered to the surface as the energy transforms and is released as its primarily light energy, sunlight. The two forms of solar energy that make it to the earth are light and heat. Solar energy is often termed as alternative energy to the fossil fuel energy sources like oil and coal Every hour the sun beams on the earth’s surface a lot of energy that can sustain it for a long period. On the surface of the earths orbit, the solar radiation is at a rate of about 1,333 per meter Squared. This is known as the solar constant. Solar energy is a technology that is used with the goal of harnessing sun energy and making it useable. Currently, the technology produces energy that can cater for a major portion of the global energ y demand. The various types of solar power include solar photovoltaic power, solar thermal energy and passive solar energy. Solar photovoltaic power is harnessed when the sun rays are converted to electricity. The quantity produced is reliant of the intensity of sun rays. Solar thermal energy uses the sun rays to heat water and the inside of homes. Passive solar energy is the heating of a building or home depending on the architectural design. The design of the window placement and the sunroom structure helps to keep the house warm. Since non renewable energy like oil and gas continue to become limited resources, people are now seeking to explore the alternative sources of energy that are available. Among the available sources energy, solar energy comes highly recommended. As oil continues to become depleted, the majority of people believe that solar energy systems will be the next source of energy in the future. An advantage of solar energy systems is that it offers people the oppo rtunity of being of self sufficient (Foster 38). People can take advantage of the energy that is produced by the sun as heat from the sun is guaranteed. This energy is converted instantly and can be used for a myriad of purposes. The fact of the matter is the this type of energy is under utilized as we continue to over utilized fossil fuels and risk the danger of it being depleted. On the other hand, solar energy is renewable and is environmentally friendly but we fail to capitalize on it. Solar energy has been confirmed as being efficient in industrial and resident setting and is used for cooking, lighting, space technology, cooling and communication among other uses. It is also deemed that fossil fuel is a form of solar energy that has been stored in organic form. However, since fossil fuels have been deduced to make a major negative impact on the environment and has raised concerns of global warming and pollution, solar energy is steadily increasing its importance in homes and in dustries. As opposed to the restrictions placed on the fossil fuels, there is no limitations place on solar energy availability as the sun produces heat on a daily basis that can be tapped and converted to other forms of energy. There has been a major improvement in solar energy technology and it is making solar energy more affordable (Hough 48). Once the solar panel has been set up, there are no additional costs that are incurred. It is resonated that in the near future, people will be fully dependent on renewable energy, more specifically, solar energy. Background of solar energy Many people have the assumption that solar power is a relatively new form of energy but, this is far the truth. The sun has been a source of energy since the ancient times. The Native American and the ancient Greek were the first to explore solar energy back in 400 BC. They build their houses on the hill sides to take advantage of the heat that was released by the Sun during the day to cool their houses d uring the cold nights. The

CHALLENGES FACING INCLUSION OF SUSTAINABILITY IN SCHOOLS PPP PROJECTS Coursework

CHALLENGES FACING INCLUSION OF SUSTAINABILITY IN SCHOOLS PPP PROJECTS - Coursework Example Generally, the partnerships can range from dealing with climate change, infrastructure & social projects, health, corporate social responsibility, disaster relief/humanitarian aid, and environmental protection1. Thus the common theme that emerges regarding public-private partnership (PPP) projects are government or private ventures that are primarily operated and funded through a partnership between the government and private sector companies. How can these projects incorporate the sustainability criteria’s and to look at this we need to understand the ethos and concept of sustainability in its entirety. The term â€Å"sustainability† is widely used to refer to the capacity or ability of a system/ project to sustain its operations, benefits and services in the long term without compromising the needs of future generations. However, many different definitions have been advanced by various authors and researchers. While many authors have sought to define sustainability in relation to the capacity and ability of a system/ project to sustain itself or endure its operations, benefits and services during its projected life, others have defined it in relation to policy making. For example, in their definitions of sustainability, Barton (2000) and Du Plessis (2000), particularly focuses on the interaction of the economic, environmental and social aspects to achieve sustainable systems or projects. The Brundtland Commission of the United Nations, in its 1987 report titled â€Å"Our Common Future†, defines sustainability as the ability of a system to meet the needs of the present without compromising the capacity of the future generations to meet their own needs and goals2 (United Nations, 1987). Many experts believe this definition meets most of the diverse aspects of sustainability in its applications (Adams, 2002, Dale,

Operations Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 5500 words

Operations Management - Essay Example Operation management is the function of managing core activities such as creation, production, distribution and delivery of the organisation’s goods and services (Chase, and Aquilano, 1977). This management of organisation is associated with the conversion of labour and material into goods and services efficiently to maximise the profits of the organisation (Gaither, 1984).Managing of operations appropriately is important for organisations in order to ensure high productivity, and customer satisfaction (Krajewski, Ritzman, &Malhorta, 2007). 1.2 What will be discussed in this case study?(Synopsis) This case study will provide an extensive knowledge regarding the operational problems being faced by the hospital; Riyadh Medical Hospital. This case study will be focused on highlighting the critical operational problems such as Supply chain management, Inventory management, Waste and lean management; and Quality management Along with these critical problems, the case study will pro vide an overview of the structure and growth that are relevant to these essential areas of operational management.The elements mentioned above will be separately investigated to evaluate the importance of each of the operational management issues. ... spital.The operation management deals with managing core activities from the conversion of labour and material to goods and services (Apte, Maglaras, and Pinedo, 2008). This would allow us to better understand the issues related to operation management at Riyadh Military Hospital. This case study addresses the major operational management issues such as supply chain management, inventory management, waste and lean management and quality management at Riyadh military hospital. Each of the issues mentioned are a hurdle for the hospital to work effectively and efficiently. This case study helpsto analyse and provide recommendation to improve the understanding of these problems. The concept of operation management would be used to understand the information and the problems associated with the management at Riyadh Military Hospital. The supply chain management issue wouldhelp in learning more about the importance of supply chain in a hospital and how can the supply chain management affec t the overall performance of the Riyadh Military Hospital. Similarly, the inventory management issues will highlight the importance of keeping balance between the required inventory and the amount of inventory at hand. The excess inventory in a hospital can lead to unfavourable situations as it reduces the capacity of the organisation and the value perceived by the customers reduces. On the other hand, the waste and lean management issue would highlight the importance of processes that are aimed to reduce the waste and improve the efficiency of the hospital. Lean management is aimed to transform the processes radically and to reduce the cost of the processes(Schemenner, 1984). The last but not the least operational management issue; quality management, would highlight the importance of

To what extent can it be argued that a doctor, who explains the Essay

To what extent can it be argued that a doctor, who explains the procedures and all the risks and then obtains the patients consent, is free from the potential t - Essay Example derately undisruptive, however, others bring substantial damage not just to the patient and families but also to the entire medical profession and the health care industry. When medical mistakes arise, health care professionals are inclined not to report these incidents for fear of litigation which makes the identification and prevention of these errors tough to deal with and hard to correct (Joshi, Anderson & Marwaha, 2002, pp. 40-45; Localio, Lawthers, Brennan et al., 1991, pp. 245-251). In the United Kingdom, there have been no apparent clues regarding its prevalence although an investigation was conducted representing an initial attempt to quantify the extent and magnitude of the dilemma (Vincent, Neale & Woloshynowych, 2001, pp. 517-519). In the United States, field professionals assert that the tort system is not adequate in preventing medical mistakes because the average time to resolve cases purportedly takes 44 months (Palter, 2003). Based on a study, annual deaths caused by medical mistakes have reached 98,000 in United States hospitals (Kohn, Corrigan & Donaldson, 2000). While the statistics reaped so much attention, it was not the very first investigation conducted by the medical community of its errors. Since 1990, numerous studies have dissected and analysed medical mistakes. Interestingly, the publication of these researches denoted an enlightening departure from the conventional secrecy surrounding errors made by physicians (Brennan, Leape, Laird, et al, 1991, pp. 370-376; Wu, Folkman, McPhee & Lo, 1991, pp. 2089-2094). Apparently, practitioners in the field of medicine have moved towards a path that encourages the methodology of admitting mistakes, both to themselves and to others. Duty of Care/Patient-Doctor Relationship Admitting to a mistake is a physician’s moral duty to his/her patient. The American Medical Association Principles of Medical Ethics states that â€Å"A physician shall . . . be honest in all professional

Small Business Hiring Picks Up in July Research Paper

Small Business Hiring Picks Up in July - Research Paper Example There is a 0.7% increase on the hours worked by the employees. As per the report, the increase in the work hours is a clear indication of the amount of work in these businesses. An increased hiring rate coupled by increased pay rate is a matter of competition for the employees. Subject of Agreement The report is based on the trends of the companies that have always had more than 20 employees and that use Intuit’s online payroll software. There are some other reports and survey that gives contrasting information compared to this. Chamber of Commerce conducted a survey in July which shows that more than half of the business owners surveyed have said that they won’t be hiring in 2011. (Lopez, 2011) The business owners pointed out reasons like economic uncertainty, poor sales and lack of credit availability as the reasons for not hiring. The fact that Intuit report is based on data from few small businesses and there are contrasting data available from other reports reduces the reliability if Intuit Report. Moreover, the report is based on the data from June 23 to July 24, the trend which is not assured to sustain in the coming months. The recent happenings in the market are also showing that the economy is going through a very critical situation. Some people have also started speaking about double dip recession though the possibility of the same is highly unlikely as per the experts. Also, most SME’s business is depended on the business performance of large scale corporations. Most SME’s in the country’s customers are the large scale corporations though a good portion of them markets products for the end consumers. But the overall US unemployment data shows that the unemployment rate came down to a level of 9.1%. (Tradingeconomics.com, 2011) The increase in the employment rate came from the private sector which added 154,000 jobs. The fact that private sector contributed to the employment and more that 85% of the SME’s are private sector companies support the view of Intuit report. Therefore, I agree with the findings of the report that Small Business Hiring is increasing. Scope for a Different Presentation There was scope for presentation of the subject in a different context. With the available data, the report shouldn’t have concluded that it applies to the entire small business sector of the country. A person who reads only the Intuit report without a wider look into the results of other related information will be biased to believe that small business hiring is always picking up. This can just lead to wrong business or investment decisions. Instead of concluding that the small business hiring is increasing, it should just have said that there is an improvement in certain small business segment. It should just indicate that there is an indication that business at SME’s are catching up. The main reason is that Intuit report had very limited information to support its findings. Presen ting the report as a reference material for arriving at the overall unemployment data would have been better. The Intuit report is definitely a good source of information for conducting an unemployment statistics study. But with the data it relied on, the report cannot act as a finding in itself. The author made the report as a conclusion for the entire small business sector. But the fact that the data was related to only few small businesses

Operations Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 5500 words

Operations Management - Essay Example Operation management is the function of managing core activities such as creation, production, distribution and delivery of the organisation’s goods and services (Chase, and Aquilano, 1977). This management of organisation is associated with the conversion of labour and material into goods and services efficiently to maximise the profits of the organisation (Gaither, 1984).Managing of operations appropriately is important for organisations in order to ensure high productivity, and customer satisfaction (Krajewski, Ritzman, &Malhorta, 2007). 1.2 What will be discussed in this case study?(Synopsis) This case study will provide an extensive knowledge regarding the operational problems being faced by the hospital; Riyadh Medical Hospital. This case study will be focused on highlighting the critical operational problems such as Supply chain management, Inventory management, Waste and lean management; and Quality management Along with these critical problems, the case study will pro vide an overview of the structure and growth that are relevant to these essential areas of operational management.The elements mentioned above will be separately investigated to evaluate the importance of each of the operational management issues. ... spital.The operation management deals with managing core activities from the conversion of labour and material to goods and services (Apte, Maglaras, and Pinedo, 2008). This would allow us to better understand the issues related to operation management at Riyadh Military Hospital. This case study addresses the major operational management issues such as supply chain management, inventory management, waste and lean management and quality management at Riyadh military hospital. Each of the issues mentioned are a hurdle for the hospital to work effectively and efficiently. This case study helpsto analyse and provide recommendation to improve the understanding of these problems. The concept of operation management would be used to understand the information and the problems associated with the management at Riyadh Military Hospital. The supply chain management issue wouldhelp in learning more about the importance of supply chain in a hospital and how can the supply chain management affec t the overall performance of the Riyadh Military Hospital. Similarly, the inventory management issues will highlight the importance of keeping balance between the required inventory and the amount of inventory at hand. The excess inventory in a hospital can lead to unfavourable situations as it reduces the capacity of the organisation and the value perceived by the customers reduces. On the other hand, the waste and lean management issue would highlight the importance of processes that are aimed to reduce the waste and improve the efficiency of the hospital. Lean management is aimed to transform the processes radically and to reduce the cost of the processes(Schemenner, 1984). The last but not the least operational management issue; quality management, would highlight the importance of

Small Business Hiring Picks Up in July Research Paper

Small Business Hiring Picks Up in July - Research Paper Example There is a 0.7% increase on the hours worked by the employees. As per the report, the increase in the work hours is a clear indication of the amount of work in these businesses. An increased hiring rate coupled by increased pay rate is a matter of competition for the employees. Subject of Agreement The report is based on the trends of the companies that have always had more than 20 employees and that use Intuit’s online payroll software. There are some other reports and survey that gives contrasting information compared to this. Chamber of Commerce conducted a survey in July which shows that more than half of the business owners surveyed have said that they won’t be hiring in 2011. (Lopez, 2011) The business owners pointed out reasons like economic uncertainty, poor sales and lack of credit availability as the reasons for not hiring. The fact that Intuit report is based on data from few small businesses and there are contrasting data available from other reports reduces the reliability if Intuit Report. Moreover, the report is based on the data from June 23 to July 24, the trend which is not assured to sustain in the coming months. The recent happenings in the market are also showing that the economy is going through a very critical situation. Some people have also started speaking about double dip recession though the possibility of the same is highly unlikely as per the experts. Also, most SME’s business is depended on the business performance of large scale corporations. Most SME’s in the country’s customers are the large scale corporations though a good portion of them markets products for the end consumers. But the overall US unemployment data shows that the unemployment rate came down to a level of 9.1%. (Tradingeconomics.com, 2011) The increase in the employment rate came from the private sector which added 154,000 jobs. The fact that private sector contributed to the employment and more that 85% of the SME’s are private sector companies support the view of Intuit report. Therefore, I agree with the findings of the report that Small Business Hiring is increasing. Scope for a Different Presentation There was scope for presentation of the subject in a different context. With the available data, the report shouldn’t have concluded that it applies to the entire small business sector of the country. A person who reads only the Intuit report without a wider look into the results of other related information will be biased to believe that small business hiring is always picking up. This can just lead to wrong business or investment decisions. Instead of concluding that the small business hiring is increasing, it should just have said that there is an improvement in certain small business segment. It should just indicate that there is an indication that business at SME’s are catching up. The main reason is that Intuit report had very limited information to support its findings. Presen ting the report as a reference material for arriving at the overall unemployment data would have been better. The Intuit report is definitely a good source of information for conducting an unemployment statistics study. But with the data it relied on, the report cannot act as a finding in itself. The author made the report as a conclusion for the entire small business sector. But the fact that the data was related to only few small businesses

Position Supporting Stem Cell Research Essay Example for Free

Position Supporting Stem Cell Research Essay Cells that can make a distinction into a variety of cell types are called stem cells and comprise embryonic stem (ES) cells and adult stem cells. Since ES cells can turn into a new organism or can differentiate into any tissue type, they are said to be â€Å"totipotent.† Adult stem cells, conversely, as they cannot turn into any type of tissue, are said to be â€Å"pluripotent.† For instance, bone marrow stem cells can turn into red blood cells, T-lymphocytes, or B-lymphocytes, however not muscle or bone cells. Nerve stem cells can as well turn into different types of nerve tissue. Stem cell research attempts to engineer tissues from the bodys stem cells to replace defective, damaged, or aging tissues. In 1998, scientists were capable to grow human ES cells indefinitely. Since then, researchers have performed stem cell experiments on mammals and have had some achievement in repairing spinal chord injuries in mice. Since scientists cannot use federal funds to carry out research on embryos, private corporations, most particularly the Geron Corporation, have funded ES cell research. Geron, awaiting possible ethical concerns, appointed its own ethics advisory board. The Clinton administration sought to loosen the interpretation of the ban on embryo research to permit the government to sponsor research on the use of ES cells once they were available. President G. W. Bush had made the decision to permit use merely of about sixty existing cell lines, and not the production of embryonic cell lines particularly made for the purpose of use for stem cells[1]. The majority of the stem cell procedures proposed to date would employ the ES cells from embryos formed by couples in fertility clinics. In the United States, thousands of embryos are discarded each year as IVF couples cannot use all of their embryos. A couple may make three-hundred embryos in an attempt give birth to one child. One more approach to stem cell research suggests that researchers make embryos for scientific and medical purposes. This approach, recognized as therapeutic cloning, or somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT), engrosses transferring the nucleus from a cell in a persons body into an enucleated egg[2]. The ES cells from this new embryo would match the tissue in the persons body, therefore avoiding the potential tissue rejection problems that might occur in stem cell therapy. The potential of stem cell research is huge, for the reason that so many diseases result from tissue damage. Stem cell research could bring about advances in treating paralysis, diabetes, heart disease, pancreatitis, Parkinsons disease, liver disease, arthritis, as well as many further conditions. [3] Thus human pluripotent stem cell research is very important as firstly it propose help in understanding the actions that take place during normal human development. The understanding of human cell development could make possible further understandings regarding how abnormalities such as cancer occur. Secondly this research helps us to find out why some cells turn into heart cells whereas other cells turn into blood cells. Although it has been previously recognized that a gene turning on and off is central to cell development, however it is not recognized what makes these gene turn on and offstem cell research will most probably give a possible explanation. In a realistic sense this could make possible further understandings of cell development abnormalities. Thirdly pure samples of specific cell types could be used for testing different chemical compounds so as to develop medicines to treat disease[4]. This would make more efficient the process of medical testing in order that merely medicines that have a helpful effect on cell lines would be tested on animals and humans. And most significantly this research could be very helpful for cell transplantation therapies. Theoretically, stem cells could be grown into replacements for diseased or destroyed cells[5]. This would permit medical science to get to the bottom of diseases of organ failure for instance diabetes as well as neurological disorders for instance Parkinsons disease. The main protest to this promising research has to do with the source of ES cells. ES cells can be acquired from aborted embryos, embryos remaining after infertility treatments (IVF), embryos created only for research by IVF techniques, and from SCNT techniques (that is therapeutic cloning)[6]. To get ES cells, consequently, one have to either create embryos that will be used, manipulated, or destroyed, or one have to get embryos leftover from infertility treatments. However here is where the abortion debate resurfaces, as these techniques would engross treating embryos as mere things or objects and would not give embryos the esteem they deserve, as said by some critics. That is to say that a proper, fair and realistic account of what comes out of the freezer is a 5-day-old ball of about 150 cells, and of that the researchers will want to use about 30. What comes out of the freezer is unquestionably human tissue however it is not human. That ball of cells has no hope at all of becoming a human being without further intervention. One must not confuse the existence of a chance of becoming a human being with actually being human. The tissue can be likened to organs taken from a lately deceased person for transplant. Neither the organ nor the tissue is dead; it is human tissue but it is not human. One may say the same of sperm, for instance, every sperm must be protected that is available for the reason that it might, under circumstances where other things have to happen, become a human. That is practically the same thought. What has to happen there is that the sperm has to meet with an egg to fertilize that egg, which then has to be looked after. What has to happen with a 5-day-old ball of cells in which the egg and sperm have previously met is that it after that has to be implanted in a woman and stay there for nine months. In both cases nothing is going to happen unless other things are brought into play. It is a very strong view that it is not being talked about a human, rather about human tissue that will with the intervention of others, and only with the intervention of others, has the chance of becoming human. A parents right must be supported to demand that any of these untouched fertilized eggs be left untouched for afterward use or not be used for research. Very few, if any, parents who have had the advantage of the IVF program would refuse the chance for spare fertilized eggs to be used. They themselves turned to the wonders of science to give them what apparently nature was otherwise going to deny them, those who through the wonders of science have had what must have been their greatest dream realized would definitely not deny the chance for science to make better things for others. After all, how many fertilized eggs at varying stages of development were used in the IVF programs to get to the point where one could have a successful IVF program? [7] Some supporters of this bill do not deny where one is now with the science. He just wants science to have the opportunity to take him to further and better places. One cannot say that there is no practical application of this now, so not do the research. That is the equal of saying to a child that you are not permitted to swim in the pool until you have learned to swim. How can one possibly refuse to do research on the basis that he does not have the researchers outcomes? One can not get those outcomes until he proceeds with the research. So, again, one must be very much on the side of proceeding with stem cell research. Some of the objections which have their foundation in a religious view held by their proponents. Living by a decent set of values is far more vital than defending the doctrine of one church over another. If you lead a good life and if there is a kingdom of heaven you will be welcome into his or heaven. Your religion is your business and no-one elses. When you make your religion an issue, you drag it into the political domain and you tarnish it. It follows that we attach very little importance or interest to arguments over religious dogma. Similarly, we do not turn to the state to legislate for one religious view over another. Without doubt, we can clearly see the risks of adopting a view that your religion is the right one and the rest of the world must be converted. This point is quite simple: each to his own religion. If you say to one that doing something is against Gods will, then he will respond by assuring you that, if God is annoyed, God will punish whoever has done that thing. The state should never be used as Gods enforcer. Over the years, as we have been approaching 50, we can assure you that we have every confidence in Gods capability to settle accounts. It has not been our experience that he or she usually waits until you are dead. Numerous people who have done the wrong thing have met their maker in a practical sense while they were still alive[8]. In brief, we are talking about fertilized eggs that are in the freezer. They have not the slightest chance of becoming human unless they are accepted by the mother to be carried for 9 months. We are talking about fertilized eggs where that is not the case. The outcome is that they are either going in the bin or going to be used for the betterment of mankind. My other proposition is that we cannot now say whether the science is good or bad. We do not know where the science is going to take us. Science of itself is not fundamentally good or bad; it is what we do with it that will make that case. We have to understand that the benefits of this research may take years to come. That merely makes us say: start more quickly. We simply ask those who, due to their religious beliefs, have a very authentic concern regarding this bill to accept that they are entitled to follow their religious beliefs; they are not entitled to demand by legislation that everybody else does the same. References: Adil E. Shamoo, David B. Resnik. Responsible Conduct of Research; Oxford University Press, 2003 Daniel Callahan. What Price Better Health? Hazards of the Research Imperative; University of California Press, 2003 John Harris. On Cloning; Routledge, 2004 Sandra Braman. Biotechnology and Communication: The Meta-Technologies of Information; Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, 2004 Thomas Kemp. â€Å"The Stem Cell Debate: A Veblenian Perspective†; Journal of Economic Issues, Vol. 38, 2004. [1] Daniel Callahanpg 55 [2] John Harris, pg 90 [3] Daniel Callahan, pg 67-69 [4] Thomas Kemp, pg 6 [5] ibid [6] John Harris, pg 78-79 [7] Sandra Braman, pg 105 [8] Adil E. Shamoo, David B. Resnik, pg 210

Why Star Topology is Best

Why Star Topology is Best 1.0 SYNOPSIS This study focused on a star network topology. A star network is a local area network in which all devices are directly linked to a central point called a hub. Star topology looks like a star but not exactly a star. The findings from the study revealed that in star topology every computer is connected to a central node called a hub or a switch. A hub is a device where the entire linking standards come together. The data that is transmitted between the network nodes passes across the central hub. The project further goes on to explain the advantages, disadvantages and usage of star network topology. The centralized nature of a star network provides ease while also achieving isolation of each device in the network. However, the disadvantage of a star topology is that the network transmission is largely reliant on the central hub. If the central hub falls short then the whole network is out of action. Star networks are one of the most common computer network topologies that are used in homes and offices. In a Star Network Topology it is possible to have all the important data backups on the hub in a private folder and this way if the computer fails you can still use your data using the next computer in the network and accessing the backup files on the hub. It has come to realization that this type of network offers more privacy than any other network. 2.0 INTRODUCTION The main objective of this project is to discuss the advantages, disadvantages and usage of star network topology. A topology is a physical structure of a network. Star topology is a network structure comprising a central node to which all other devices attached directly and through which all other devices intercommunicate (http://www.yourdictionary.com/telecom/star-topology). The hub, leaf nodes and the transmission lines between them form a graph with the topology of a star. Star is one of the most and oldest common topology in the local area network. The design of star topology comes from telecommunication system. In telephone system all telephone calls are managed by the central switching station. Just like in star topology each workstation of the network is connected to a central node, which is known as a hub. Hub is a device where the whole linking mediums come together. It is responsible of running all activities of the network. It also acts as a repeater for the data flow. Generally when build a network using two or more computers, you need a hub. It is possible to connect two computers to each other directly without the need of a hub but when adding a third computer in the network, we need a hub to allow a proper data communication within the network. In a Star Network the whole network is reliant on the hub. (http://www.buzzle.com/editorials/2-6-2005-65413.asp) Devices such as file server, workstation and peripheral are all linked to a hub. All the data passes through the hub. When a packet comes to the hub it moves that packet to all the nodes linked through the hub but only one node at a time successfully transmits it. Data on a star network exceeds through the hub before continuing to its target. Different types of cables are used to link computers such as twisted pair, coaxial cable and fiber optics. The most common cable media in use for star topologies is unshielded or shielded twisted pair copper cabling. One end of the cable is plugged in local area network card while the other side is connected with the hub. Due to the centralization in star topology it is easy to monitor and handle the network making it more advantageous. Since the whole network is reliant on the hub, if the whole network is not working then there could be a problem with the hub. The hub makes it easy to troubleshoot by offering a single point for error connection at the same time the reliance is also very high on that single point. The central function is cost effective and easier to maintain. Star topology also has some draw backs. If the hub encounters a problem then the whole network falls short. In a Star Network Topology it is possible to have all the important data backups on the hub in a private folder and this way if the computer fails you can still use your data using the next computer in the network and accessing the backup files on the hub. 3.0 BACKGROUND STUDY In this section the researcher has clarified and explained in details some of the advantages, disadvantages and usage of star topology. These three concepts are the main core of this project. 3.1 ADVANTAGES OF STAR NETWORK 3.1.1 Isolation of devices: each device is isolated by the link that connects it to the hub. By so doing it makes the isolation of the individual devices simple. This isolation nature also prevents any non centralized failure from affecting the network. In a star network, a cable failure will isolate the workstation that it links to the central computer, but only that workstation will be isolated. All the other workstations will continue to function normally, except that they will not be able to communicate with the isolated workstation. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Star_network) 3.1.2 Simplicity: The topology is easy to understand, establish, and navigate. The simple topology obviates the need for complex routing or message passing protocols. As noted earlier, the isolation and centralization simplifies fault detection, as each link or device can be probed individually .Due to its centralized nature, the topology offers simplicity of operation. (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Star_network) 3.1.3 If any cable is not working then the whole network will not be affected: in a star topology, each network device has a home run of cabling back to a network hub, giving each device a separate connection to the network. If there is a problem with a cable, it will generally not affect the rest of the network. The most common cable media in use for star topologies is unshielded twisted pair copper cabling. If small numbers of devices are utilized in this topology the data rate will be high. It is best for short distance ( http://fallsconnect.com/topology.htm#a) 3.1.4 You can easily add new computers or devices to the network without interrupting other nodes: The star network topology works well when computers are at scattered points. It is easy to add or remove computers. New devices or nodes can easily be added to the Star Network by just extending a cable from the hub. If the hub adds a device for example a printer or a fax machine, all the other computers on the network can access the new device by simply accessing the hub. The device need not be installed on all the computers in the network. The central function is cost effective and easier to maintain. If the computers are reasonably close to the vertices of a convex polygon and the system requirements are modest. And also when one computer falls short then it wont affect the whole communication. (http://searchnetworking.techtarget.com/dictionary/definition/what-is-star-network.html#) 3.1.5 Centralization: the star topologies ease the chance of a network failure by linking all of the computers to a central node. All computers may therefore communicate with all others by transmitting to and receiving from the central node only. Benefits from centralization: As the central hub is the bottleneck, increasing capacity of the central hub or adding additional devices to the star, can help scale the network very easily. The central nature also allows the check up of traffic through the network. This helps evaluate all the traffic in the network and establish apprehensive behavior (http://www.buzzle.com/articles/advantages-and-disadvantages-of-different-network-topologies.html). 3.1.6 Easy to troubleshoot: in a star network the whole network is reliant on the hub so if the entire network is not working then there could be a problem with the hub. This feature makes it easy to troubleshoot by offering a single point for error connection ad at the same time the dependency is also very high on that single point 3.1.7 Better performance: star network prevents unnecessary passing of the data packet through nodes. At most 3 devices and 2 links are involved in any communication between any two devices which are part of this topology. This topology encourage a huge overhead on the central hub, however if the central hub has plenty of capacity, then very high network used by one device in the network does not affect the other devices in the network. Data Packets are sent quickly as they do not have to travel through any unnecessary. The big advantage of the star network is that it is fast. This is because each computer terminal is attached directly to the central computer (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Star_network). 3.1.8 EASY INSTALLATION: Installation is simple, inexpensive, and fast because of the flexible cable and the modular connector. 3.2 DISADVANTAGES OF STAR NETWORK 3.2.1 If the hub or concentrator fails, nodes attached are disabled: The primary disadvantage of a star topology is the high dependence of the system on the functioning of the central hub. While the failure of an individual link only results in the isolation of a single node, the failure of the central hub renders the network inoperable, immediately isolating all nodes. (http://www.buzzle.com/articles/advantages-and-disadvantages-of-different-network-topologies.html ) 3.2.2 The performance and scalability of the network also depend on the capabilities of the hub. Network size is limited by the number of connections that can be made to the hub, and performance for the whole network is limited by its throughput. While in theory traffic between the hub and a node is isolated from other nodes on the network, other nodes may see a performance drop if traffic to another node occupies a significant portion of the central nodes processing capability or throughput (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Star_network). Furthermore, wiring up of the system can be very complex. 3.2.3 The primary disadvantage of the star topology is the hub is a single point of failure: If the hub were to fall short the whole network would fail as a result of the hub being connected to every computer on the network. There will be communication break down between the computers when the hub fails. 3.2.4 Star topology requires more cable length: When the network is being extended then there will be the need of more cables and this result in intricate installation. 3.2.5 More Expensive than other topologies: it is expensive due to cost of the hub. Star topology uses a lot of cables thus making it the most costly network to set up as you also have to trunk to keep the cables out of harm way. Every computer requires a separate cable to form the network. . A common cable that is used in Star Network is the UTP or the unshielded twisted pair cable. Another common cable that is used in star networks is the RJ45 or the Ethernet cables 3.3 USAGES OF STAR NETWORK Star topology is a networking setup used with 10BASE-T cabling (also called UTP or twisted-pair) and a hub. Each item on the network is connected to the hub like points of a star. The protocols used with star configurations are usually Ethernet or local-talk. Token Ring uses a similar topology, called the star-wired ring (http://fallsconnect.com/topology.htm#a). Star Topology is the most common type of network topology that is used in homes and offices. In the Star Topology there is a central connection point called the hub which is a computer hub or sometimes just a switch. In a Star Network the best advantage is when there is a failure in cable then only one computer might get affected and not the entire network. Star topology is used to ease the probabilities of network failure by connecting all of the systems to a central node. This central hub rebroadcasts all transmissions received from any peripheral node to all peripheral nodes on the network, sometimes including the originating node. All peripheral nodes may thus communicate with all others by transmitting to, and receiving from, the central node only (From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia). Star network is used to transmit data across the central hub between the network nodes. When a packet comes to the hub it transfers that packet to all nodes connected through a hub but only one node at a time successfully transmits it. In local area networks where the star topology is used, each machine is connected to a central hub. In contrast to the bus topology, the star topology allows each machine on the network to have a point to point connection to the central hub and there is no single point of failure. All of the traffic which transverses the network passes through the central hub. The hub acts as a signal booster or repeater which in turn allows the signal to travel greater distances. When it is important that your network have increased stability and speed, the star topology should be considered. When you use a hub, you get centralized administration and security control, low configuration costs and easy troubleshooting. When one node or workstation goes down, the rest of your network will still be functional. 4.0 APPENDIX As the name suggests, this layout is similar to a star. The illustration shows a star network with five workstations or six, if the central computer acts as a workstation. Each workstation is shown as a sphere, the central computer is shown as a larger sphere and it is a hub, and connections are shown as a thin flexible cable. The connections can be wired or wireless links. The hub is a central to a star topology and the network cannot function without it. It connects to each separate node directly through a thin flexible cable (10BASE-T cable). One end of the cable is plugged into the connector on the network adapter card (either internal or external to the computer) and the other end connects directly to the hub. The number of nodes you can connect to a hub is determined by the hub. 5.0 CONCLUSION A star network is a local area network in which all computers are directly connected to a common central computer. Every workstation is indirectly connected to every other through the central computer. In some star networks, the central computer can also operate as a workstation A Star Network Topology is best suited for smaller networks and works efficiently when there is limited number of nodes. One has to ensure that the hub or the central node is always working and extra security features should be added to the hub because it s the heart of the network. To expand a star topology network, youll need to add another hub and go to a star of stars topology. In a Star Network Topology it is possible to have all the important data backups on the hub in a private folder and this way if the computer fails you can still use your data using the next computer in the network and accessing the backup files on the hub. 6.0 REFERENCES Available on http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Star_network Available on http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Very_small_aperture_terminal Available on http://fallsconnect.com/topology.htm#a Available on http://searchnetworking.techtarget.com/dictionary/definition/what-is-star-network.html#(above) Available on http://www.answers.com/topic/star_network Available on http://www.buzzle.com/articles/advantages-and-disadvantages-of-different-network-topologies.html Available on http://www.buzzle.com/editorials/2-6-2005-65413.asp Available on http://www.blurtit.com/q826101.html