Structure And Function Of Skin Health And Social Care Essay

Structure And Function Of Skin Health And Social Care Essay Marty is a 2-year-old toddler brought into the Emergency Department by his distraught 16 year old single mother, Mandy. Mandy had been heating some chicken soup in the microwave in their council flat in Whitechapel, when her friend Tracey had rung Mandys mobile. Mandy left the boiling soup on the kitchen table leaving Marty alone in the kitchen. Mandy, hearing Martys scream, rushed back into the kitchen to find that Marty must have reached up and tipped the soup over himself mainly over his chest and torso. Mandy immediately removed Martys clothes, and wrapped him in a damp towel, and called for an ambulance. When Marty reaches the Royal London Accident and Emergency he is in considerable pain and is given an analgesic and started on intravenous fluids. Marty is assessed and found to have second-degree partial thickness burns over both of his upper arms and lower abdomen and second degree deep partial thickness burns on his upper chest. At the periphery of these second degree burns are first-degree burns with large blisters developing some of which have burst. In total approximately 30% of Martys BSA is affected. Mandy is distraught and wants to know if Marty will be scarred for life. Learning Objectives: The normal structure and function of skin Normal wound healing Burns Classification Treatments Stem cells Prognosis Social/Ethical/Legal issues Child abuse Normal structure and function of the skin Normal structure of skin The structure of the skin is divided into three layers, the epidermis, the dermis and the hypodermis. (Bardia Amirlak, 2011) (Thomas H. McConnell Kerry L. Hull, 2011)http://www.discovercosmeticsurgery.com/wp-content/uploads/2010/07/skin-structure.jpg Source: (Discover Cosmetic Surgery, 2010) Epidermis Source: (Structure of the Skin)The epidermis is the uppermost layer of the skin and is avascular. It obtains its nutrients and oxygen from the underlying dermis through diffusion. The epidermis is subdivided into 5 layers the stratum basale which consists of basal (stem) cells and melanocytes, stratum spinosum, stratum granulosum, stratum lucidum and the stratum corneum. It is made up of stratified squamous epithelial cells. (Thomas H. McConnell Kerry L. Hull, 2011) (Bardia Amirlak, 2011)http://encyclopedia.lubopitko-bg.com/images/epidermal%20layer.jpg Skin cells are being reproduced constantly to replace dead cells (Thomas H. McConnell Kerry L. Hull, 2011). The process is as follows: Each basal cell in the stratum basale Mitosis A cell that moves upwards to form part of the stratum spinosum. Basal (Stem) cell. This remains in the stratum basale. The basal cells found in the stratum basale divide repeatedly to produce a stem cell and another cell which matures and moves upwards towards the surface of the skin. They also become drier because they are moving away from the dermis which is the cells source of fluid. (Thomas H. McConnell Kerry L. Hull, 2011) The stratum corneum cells are shed on a daily basis and new cells reproduced by the process below replace them. (Thomas H. McConnell Kerry L. Hull, 2011) When the keratinocytes enter the stratum lucidum, they die due to apoptosis and the nucleus disappears. They form a layer of cells which is only observed in thick skin, for example, the palms of the hands. It is absent in thinner skin, for example, around the eyes. (Thomas H. McConnell Kerry L. Hull, 2011) By the time the original cell enters the stratum corneum, it is a dead, dry, flat packet of keratin which contain no nucleus. (Thomas H. McConnell Kerry L. Hull, 2011) Source: (Dreamstime) Dendritic cells are found in the stratum spinosum which form an important part of the immune system. (Thomas H. McConnell Kerry L. Hull, 2011) Cells mature as they move towards the surface of the skin. (Thomas H. McConnell Kerry L. Hull, 2011) In the stratum spinosum, the cell amasses lots of keratin which is a tough, fibrous protein to become keratinocytes. They also become drier and flatter as they mature and move upwards to form part of the stratum granulosum. (Thomas H. McConnell Kerry L. Hull, 2011) The flat keratinocytes filled with protein granules form part of the stratum granulosum. (Thomas H. McConnell Kerry L. Hull, 2011) Cells divide by mitosis. (Thomas H. McConnell Kerry L. Hull, 2011) Melanocytes are also found within the stratum basale which produce melanin and this is responsible for a persons skin colour. (Thomas H. McConnell Kerry L. Hull, 2011)http://www.dreamstime.com/anatomy-of-the-epidermis-of-the-skin-non-labeled-thumb18513932.jpg Dermis The dermis is highly vascular and consists of many structures such as sweat glands, hair follicles, nerves, macrophages, dendritic cells and blood vessels. It is made up of collagen and elastic tissue. (Thomas H. McConnell Kerry L. Hull, 2011) The dermis is subdivided into the papillary dermis and the reticular dermis. (Thomas H. McConnell Kerry L. Hull, 2011)http://virtual.yosemite.cc.ca.us/rdroual/Lecture%20Notes/Unit%201/FG04_07.jpg Papillary dermis consists of the dermis between the folds of the epidermis to a short distance beneath the papillae. (Thomas H. McConnell Kerry L. Hull, 2011) Source: (Integumentary System)The reticular dermis includes the rest of the dermis and contains most of the structures listed above. As illustrated, this layer consists of dense fibrous tissue. (Thomas H. McConnell Kerry L. Hull, 2011) Hypodermishttp://www.maharshiclinic.com/images/hypodermis.gif Source: (StudyBlue, 2010)The hypodermis lies underneath the dermis and is subdivided into two layers: a fat layer and a deep fascia layer. The deep fascia layer is made up of dense connective tissue and this encases the entire body. (Thomas H. McConnell Kerry L. Hull, 2011) Function of the skin The skin has many important functions:- Protection The skin acts as a barrier to environmental effects, such as abrasions, and microbes. (Keith L. Moore, Anne M. R. Agur Arthur F. Dalley, 2011) Containment It prevents dehydration by providing containment of all the tissues and organs of the body. (Keith L. Moore, Anne M. R. Agur Arthur F. Dalley, 2011) Heat Regulation The skin regulates body temperature using sweat glands and blood vessels by a process known as homeostasis. (Keith L. Moore, Anne M. R. Agur Arthur F. Dalley, 2011) Sensation Sensory nerve endings found in the skin provide sensation, for example, pain. (Keith L. Moore, Anne M. R. Agur Arthur F. Dalley, 2011) Vitamin D When light energy is absorbed, cholecalciferol or Vitamin D is synthesised in the skin. This promotes bone growth when metabolised and activated. (Keith L. Moore, Anne M. R. Agur Arthur F. Dalley, 2011) (R. Bowen, 2011) Normal Wound Healing When the skin is injured, for example, due to a burn, the cells undergo necrosis and die. They release enzymes which kill neighbouring cells and therefore, the damage spreads. (Thomas H. McConnell Kerry L. Hull, 2011) Wound healing consists of three phases (Clinimed, 2012):- Inflammation (Clinimed, 2012) Fibroblasts produce new collagen type III tissue. (Thomas H. McConnell Kerry L. Hull, 2011) (SP Zinn)Proliferation (Clinimed, 2012) Maturation (Clinimed, 2012) Inflammatory cells accumulate on the surface and water evaporates from the extracellular fluid causing a scab to arise. (Thomas H. McConnell Kerry L. Hull, 2011) Granulation tissue is the accumulation of blood vessels, such as capillaries, and fibroblasts. (Thomas H. McConnell Kerry L. Hull, 2011) Collagen type III is remodelled into collagen type I which is much stronger. (CliniMed, 2012) Source: (Wound Care Solutions Telemedicine) During inflammation, there is an increased flow of blood to the injury site which brings white blood cells to destroy bacteria and remove any dead remains of cells. (Thomas H. McConnell Kerry L. Hull, 2011) Occurs over a long period of time. (SP Zinn)http://www.woundcaresolutions-telemedicine.co.uk/images/WoundHealingProcess.jpg A clot forms due to red blood cells and platelets being released. (Thomas H. McConnell Kerry L. Hull, 2011) Tissue healing takes place in the proliferative stage. It can result in complete regeneration if the stroma of the tissue is left intact. This means that a scar is not formed and the tissue can be restored to complete normalcy. However, if the stroma is distorted or damaged, then a mixture of regeneration and scarring will occur as the regenerating cells are not supported or directed appropriately. (Thomas H. McConnell Kerry L. Hull, 2011) Regeneration is also determined by the location of the injury. Tissue cells, for example, have many stem cells which allow them to undergo more successful regeneration compared to muscle cell which have a lower number of stem cells. (Thomas H. McConnell Kerry L. Hull, 2011) Maturation involves the remodelling of collagen fibres. This occurs over a long period of time and is only initiated after the wound has been closed. (CliniMed, 2012) Source: (CliniMed, 2012)Phases of Wound Healing Burns Classification A burn is defined as an injury resulting from exposure to heat, chemicals or radiation. (WordNet Search 3.1) The classification of burns according to the layers affected is as follows (Thomas H. McConnell Kerry L. Hull, 2011): Type of Burn Regions Affected Sensation Appearance Example Time to Heal Superficial(First Degree) Burns Epidermis Painful Erythema, Swelling Sunburn Superficial Partial Thickness (Second Degree) Burns Epidermis and Papillary Dermis Painful, Sensitive to touch Formation of blisters Scalding due to boiling water 2-3 weeks Deep Partial Thickness (Second Degree) Burns Epidermis, Papillary Dermis and Reticular Dermis Painless (due to nerve endings being damaged) White or pale (due to lack of blood vessels) Fire burn 3-6 weeks Full Thickness (Third Degree) Burns All the layers of the skin Painless(due to nerve endings being damaged) Dry and leathery Directly exposed to flame Skin grafting needed to heal Fourth Degree Burn Skin and underlying muscle and bone Painless Dry and leathery, black or purple Electrical and severe thermal burns Hospital admission is required Source: (Medical Student LC), (Thomas H. McConnell Kerry L. Hull, 2011) (Marieb Hoehn, 2012) Burns can also be classified by the total body surface area affected: The rule of nines can be used to estimate the total body surface area affected by a burn. (Thomas H. McConnell Kerry L. Hull, 2011) The total body surface area affected together with the patients age is used to calculate the severity of the burn and the volume of body fluid lost. (Thomas H. McConnell Kerry L. Hull, 2011) (Marieb Hoehn, 2012) Source: (Thomas H. McConnell Kerry L. Hull, 2011) Treatments First Aid The first aid for treatment of burns is as follows: The person must be removed from the source of burn as soon as possible. (NHS Choices,2012)(Dr Hayley Willacy, Dr Tim Kenny, Prof Cathy Jackson, 2012) Clothes or jewellery must be removed from the burning area. (NHS Choices,2012)(Dr Hayley Willacy, Dr Tim Kenny, Prof Cathy Jackson, 2012) The burn must be cooled for approximately 10-30 minutes using cool or lukewarm water only. It should then be covered but not wrapped, with clingfilm because it is sterile and doesnt stick to the burn. (NHS Choices,2012)(Dr Hayley Willacy, Dr Tim Kenny, Prof Cathy Jackson, 2012) (Bupa, 2011) The person must be kept warm to prevent hypothermia. (NHS Choices,2012) The pain can be managed with paracetamol or ibuprofen. (NHS Choices,2012) (Dr Hayley Willacy, Dr Tim Kenny, Prof Cathy Jackson, 2012) (InjuryInformation.com, 2009) First aid must be given to the patient as soon as possible to minimise the damage caused by the burn. (NHS Choices, 2012) Treatment for different types of burns The treatment given depends on the type of burn it is: Superficial (First Degree) burns Superficial burns are treated by cooling the burn with clean water and managing the pain with the use of analgesics (painkillers) or topical solutions such as aloe vera. (InjuryInformation.com, 2009) Superficial burns do not result in deep wounds and blisters therefore, there is only a slim chance of infection. (InjuryInformation.com, 2009) Partial thickness (Second degree) burns Partial thickness burns are treated in the same way as superficial burns. The first step in treating partial thickness burns is cleaning the wound with water and reducing pain and swelling with the use of analgesics. The next step is to use sterile gauze to cover the burn without breaking the blister to minimise the chance of infection. (InjuryInformation.com, 2009) (Bupa, 2011) The skin layers can still regenerate after a partial thickness burn due to the stem cells present in hair follicles. (Thomas H. McConnell Kerry L. Hull, 2011) However, severe partial thickness burns, for example, burns covering a significant proportion of the body, require medical attention and are treated using (InjuryInformation.com, 2009): First Aid to clean the burn and prevent the chance of infection. (InjuryInformation.com, 2009) Intravenous fluids to prevent excess heat and fluid loss which could lead to a decrease in blood pressure and shock. (Bupa, 2011)(Thomas H. McConnell Kerry L. Hull, 2011) Prophylactic antibiotics if the patient is suspected of being infected, prophylactic antibiotics are given to treat the infection. (Saunders Comprehensive Veterinary Dictionary, 2007) (Bupa, 2011) Analgesics Analgesics will be given, for example, ibuprofen, aspiring, paracetamol, to manage the pain. (InjuryInformation.com, 2009) (Bupa, 2011) (NHS Choices, 2012) Skin grafts to reduce scarring. This is carried out for patients with severe partial thickness, full thickness and fourth degree burns to re-establish the surface of the skin because most of the basal cells have been destroyed. (InjuryInformation.com, 2009) (Thomas H. McConnell Kerry L. Hull, 2011) (Bupa, 2011) (Shabir Bhimji, VeriMed Healthcare Network David Zieve, 2011) There are four different types of skin grafts (Leah DiPlacido, 2010): Autografts The skin is taken from any part of the part of the patients body, for example, the buttocks. This is then spread over the wound and held in place using staples or stitches. (Shabir Bhimji, VeriMed Healthcare Network David Zieve, 2011) (Bupa, 2011) (Leah DiPlacido, 2010)The main advantage of autografts is that it is no issue of rejection because it is the patients own skin. Allografts The donor skin is from another person, usually a cadaver. However, the cells in the skin need to be alive when transplanted. The disadvantage of allografts is that the patients immune system will attack the allografts leading to rejection. Therefore, this is only a temporary form of cover. (Leah DiPlacido, 2010) Xenografts The skin used is from a different species, for example, a pig. It has the same disadvantage as allografts and eventually results in rejection, therefore, xenografts are also used as a temporary cover. (Leah DiPlacido, 2010) Synthetic Tissue Burns can also be covered using synthetic tissue which is synthesised in a laboratory. It is made of collagen and carbohydrate and is placed over the wound to allow the patients own cells to grow into this engineered skin. (Leah DiPlacido, 2010) Full thickness (Third Degree) and Fourth degree burns Immediate emergency attention is required for these burns as all the layers of the skin are destroyed. This also increases the likelihood of an infection and therefore, these burns are treated in a sterile environment. (InjuryInformation.com, 2009) All full thickness and fourth degree burns require full-thickness skin grafts in which the transplanted skin includes the underlying muscle and blood supply. (InjuryInformation.com, 2009) (Shabir Bhimji, VeriMed Healthcare Network David Zieve, 2011) An escharatomy is also performed in severe burns where the skin and tissue becomes inelastic and damages blood vessels thereby preventing circulation. Surgical incisions are made along the area of the burn to release the pressure of the skin and tissues so circulation can resume. (Jennifer Heisler, 2012) (Jama, 1968) There is a definite chance of scarring in full thickness and fourth degree burns because all the stem cells in the skin have been destroyed and regeneration cannot take place. (InjuryInformation.com, 2009) (Thomas H. McConnell Kerry L. Hull, 2011) Prognosis The prognosis for burn patients is dependent on the severity of the burn and the total body surface area affected. (Considerations for burn patients) Social/Ethical/Legal issues Child abuse Responsibilities Child abuse is defined as the mistreatment of a child either physically, emotionally or sexually. (Supreme Court of Newfoundland and Labrador) There are four categories of child abuse which are recognised: Physical abuse This form of abuse involves physical mistreatment of the child, for example, hitting, burning, poisoning, etc. (Dr Colin Tidy, Dr Naomi Hartree Dr Tim Kenny, 2010) Emotional abuse This form of abuse involves the emotional mistreatment of a child which could result in childs emotional development being affected. Some examples of this include: bullying, frightening a child, etc. (Dr Colin Tidy, Dr Naomi Hartree Dr Tim Kenny, 2010) Sexual abuse This form of abuse involves forcing a child to participate in sexual activity and also forcing him/her to look at sexual images etc. (Dr Colin Tidy, Dr Naomi Hartree Dr Tim Kenny, 2010) Neglect Neglect is defined as the failure of the parent or guardian to meet the basic physical and psychological needs of the child, for example, emotional neglect, failure to protect the child from danger, etc. (Dr Colin Tidy, Dr Naomi Hartree Dr Tim Kenny, 2010) Some of the symptoms of child abuse include: Withdrawal of child (Dr Colin Tidy, Dr Naomi Hartree Dr Tim Kenny,2010) Physical marks and bruises which indicate towards physical abuse or neglect (Dr Colin Tidy, Dr Naomi Hartree Dr Tim Kenny,2010) Overdose of toxic substances could indicate towards physical abuse (Dr Colin Tidy, Dr Naomi Hartree Dr Tim Kenny,2010) The child might be afraid of physical contact, etc. (Dr Colin Tidy, Dr Naomi Hartree Dr Tim Kenny,2010) If a child is suspected of being abused, the doctor should discuss the case with their colleagues and if necessary, the child and family should be referred to social services. If possible, consent should try to be obtained and the carer involved. However, if the doctor feels that the child is at immediate risk, then the emergency services must be informed immediately. (Dr Colin Tidy, Dr Naomi Hartree Dr Tim Kenny, 2010) Conclusion Looking at the scenario, it can be seen that Mandy carried out the correct first aid procedure by wrapping Marty in a damp towel as this will cool the burn and prevent the risk of infection. (InjuryInformation.com, 2009) In A E, Marty was given the treatment required for the above burns, for example, analgesics and intravenous fluids. However, for the second degree deep partial thickness burns on his upper chest, he might require skin grafts from another part of his body such as the buttocks to minimise scarring and re-establish the growth of epidermis. (InjuryInformation.com, 2009) (Bupa, 2011) In conclusion, I think that Marty will recover fully with some scarring on the upper chest; however, he might need psychological support and counselling to help deal with the scars. Source: (Natalie Verney, 2012)As this is the first case of neglect, Marty must be observed to see if any such incident happens again. The social services can also be involved to help Mandy take care of Marty. She can also be advised to join support groups, for example, Netmums to help cope physically and mentally. http://www.heart.co.uk/u/apps/asset_manager/uploaded/2012/23/netmums-logo-1339067868.jpg

Essay About Me, Planning and Career Essay

Born and name Nur Shahiera Binti Nor Adnan , I am the only daughter of Nor Adnan bin Mohd Nor and Azar binti Kamaluddin. I was born on 2nd May 1995 in Pahang. I am the eldest sister and also the only girl among six siblings. I stayed with family in Kuantan, is the state capital of Pahang. My father a business man and my mother a clerk in the department of works at Kuantan. I am from a humble. I was receiving early education at Tabika Kemas Kampung Cherok Paloh when at the age of 3 years up to 5 years old. After that, my parents transferred at Pra Sekolah Kebangsaan Cherok Paloh which does away with my home. I started my primary education at Sekolah Kebangsaan Cherok Paloh, is the school is located far from the city from 7 years old until 12 years old. During the year 2007, I took the UPSR examination and I passed with flying colours to score 3A 2B’s. I furthered my lower secondary education at SMK Sungai Soi, Kuantan and in the year 2008. This school made me independent and adaptable when I was given the responsibilities to become school prefect. When I was form one, I’ve been listed as one of the best student after I got 8A’s in first exam. The excellent results did not last to form 3 when my PMR results is so bad and I’ve 1A 6B with 1C. When I was in Form 4 and I was so active in co-curricular activities. I have represented the school in netball competition up to the district town. Besides, I also represent the school in competitions Quran recitation ceremony and won third place. I was also able to beat the students of Al Ihsan School of Religion. I’m so excited and happy with some successful. when I was being increased 5 I moved to SMK Ubai because the instruction out due to the results of the examination at the end of Form 4 so badly. I took my SPM examination in the year 2012 and as the result, I got 2A1B3C2E1G. I tried to mantain in some subjects but I failed. I failed checkers additional mathematics and simply pass in chemistry and physics. I highly regret this decision and make my parents disappointed. I as eldest daughter should show good results for my brothers. After school I was asked to participate in the group’s first Pusat Latihan Khidmat Negara at Kem Cahaya Gemilang Cherating, Kuantan. in PLKN I can learn to be a responsible citizen of the country. There also I was able to learn and recognize yourself in more detail. Besides that I also get to know the attitudes of students can excel in further education and to train yourself to be able to work in management. I  received offers from many colleges, but I’m only interested in a field which is at Poly-Tech Mara College of accounts field but my parents do not agree in their field so I suggest that in the field of human resource management. I finally received and have been filling out forms. I love my subjects of Geography Form 1 yet, so I’m trying to find a fi eld that is quite similar to the subjects. I’m interested to know the human population and the environment. So I chose Human Resource Management at Kolej Poly-Tech Mara in Kuantan. The Diploma in Human Capital Management focuses on core competencies, which integrates organization development and human resource content with an emphasis on strategic human capital and development. The programme offers combination of theory and practice which enables students to evaluate the ideas and relate them to the activities that take place in organizations. The programme also will equip students with the necessary skills to enter the market in the area of commerce, banking and manufacturing. I hope I can be a minister of human resources later like Dato Dr. S. Subramaniam. I plan to develop a workforce that is productive, informative, disciplined, caring and responsive to changing labor environment towards enhancing economic growth and increasing employment opportunities. in addition to developing a skilled workforce, knowledgeable and competitive in a harmonious industrial relations environment and social justice. Based on my recommendation, I must study more diligently in this area so that I can achieve my ambitions as an officer of the ministry of human resources. Managing international relations in the field of labor administration, technical cooperation in matters of labor and human resource development is one of the tasks and responsibilities of the ministry of human resources. I hope none of this corruption in the management. I wish and set a high hope that one day I will be able to be a minister of human resources. This is all about me, my education and career planning if I took human resource management as my primary choice to further my study. Despite of deep interest in this field, human resource management also serve a lot of golden opportunity in Malaysia, especially in the future. This job is not only about making money, but also mainly about how to improve my race level in this modernity lives. As this field is less monopolized by the Malay bumiputras, I think I’ve had the responsibility to help my own people. I will surely do anything to achieve my goals. Moreover, dentistry will be one  of rewarding career and surely people will start to look for a chance to get to know more about it.

The Battle of France - 2514 Words

1. Introduction 2. History 3. Planning/Preparation 4. Execution/Action 5. Lessons Learned 6. Works Cited Introduction In the spring of 1940 Europe was enveloped in war. The German military machine had already conquered Poland, Denmark, and Norway. However, not content with northern and eastern expansion, Adolf Hitler wanted to control the western countries in Europe. Hitler had long been obsessed with attacking and controlling France. After their defeat in World War I, the German people, government, and military were humiliated by the enormous post war sanctions leveraged against them from the Treaty of Versailles. Hitler wanted to defeat and humiliate the French people in the same way that his country had to experience.†¦show more content†¦The French knew what kind of war they expected to fight. They also expected, and wanted to fight the Nazis in Belgium, not on French soil.3 This defensive strategy resulted in military commanders convincing politicians to construct fortifications across France’s borders. These 140 kilometers of fortifications built from 1930-1937 were known as the Maginot Line. While not a fully connected wall of fortifications, they varied in strength and assets. The strongest, most heavily fortified area of the Maginot line stretched from France’s border with Switzerland and Germany. The Luxembourg and a very small portion of the Belgium border had smaller, less concentrated defense array. The Maginot Line structures were never intended to be similar to the Great Wall of China. The true purpose was to provide a formidable defense and free up manpower to be used in offensive operations somewhere else. Charles de Gaulle, a decorated and proven French military commander was against a defensive mentality. 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